Primers

Foundational explainers for readers who need context before deeper Swarm Signal analysis.

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Production-oriented analysis, benchmarks, and market/system intelligence.

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Types of AI Agents: The 2026 Classification That Actually Helps

Types of AI Agents: The 2026 Classification That Actually Helps

The reactive/deliberative/hybrid taxonomy is broken. The 2026 classification that actually helps: coding agents, research agents, computer-use agents, task agents, multi-agent orchestrators, and self-improving agents.

12 min read
Scaling Laws Explained for Practitioners: What Actually Matters in 2026

Scaling Laws Explained for Practitioners: What Actually Matters in 2026

Scaling laws promised a simple deal: spend more compute, get better models. For three years, that deal held. Kaplan et al. drew the first power-law curves...

18 min read
AI Safety Compliance for Startups: The Minimum Viable Checklist

AI Safety Compliance for Startups: The Minimum Viable Checklist

The EU AI Act went live. Colorado enforces algorithmic fairness. Enterprise buyers demand AI governance documentation. Here's the minimum viable compliance stack that satisfies current regulations without draining your runway.

12 min read
Transformer Architecture Explained: The Engine Behind Every AI Model

Transformer Architecture Explained: The Engine Behind Every AI Model

Every frontier AI model runs on transformers. This guide explains self-attention, scaling laws, Mixture of Experts, FlashAttention, and the modern innovations that determine cost and capability.

7 min read
AI Alignment Explained: What It Actually Means to Make AI Do What We Want

AI Alignment Explained: What It Actually Means to Make AI Do What We Want

What AI alignment actually means as an engineering problem. The three core challenges, the techniques that exist today, and why agents make everything harder.

8 min read
How to Read AI Research Papers Without a PhD

How to Read AI Research Papers Without a PhD

A practical guide to reading AI research papers. Learn the three-pass method, spot red flags in benchmarks and methodology, and build a sustainable reading practice.

10 min read
Types of AI Agents: Reactive, Deliberative, Hybrid, and What Comes Next

Types of AI Agents: Reactive, Deliberative, Hybrid, and What Comes Next

SWE-bench accuracy went from 1.96% in 2023 to 69.1% in 2025. Understanding the types of AI agents behind this progress (reactive, deliberative, hybrid, and autonomous) is the difference between building tools that work and tools that impress.

15 min read
Mixture of Experts Explained: The Architecture Behind Every Frontier Model

Mixture of Experts Explained: The Architecture Behind Every Frontier Model

Every frontier model released in the last 18 months uses Mixture of Experts. DeepSeek-V3 activates just 37 billion of its 671 billion parameters per token. Understanding how MoE works isn't optional anymore.

10 min read
Swarm Intelligence Explained: From Ant Colonies to AI Agent Fleets

Swarm Intelligence Explained: From Ant Colonies to AI Agent Fleets

In 1987, Craig Reynolds published three lines of code that made pixels fly like birds. Swarm intelligence borrows nature's playbook for solving problems that defeat traditional algorithms.

11 min read
DeepSeek Explained: How a Chinese Lab Rewrote AI Economics

DeepSeek Explained: How a Chinese Lab Rewrote AI Economics

DeepSeek's R1 matched OpenAI's o1 on math and coding benchmarks. The claimed training cost: $5.6 million. The real figure is more complicated, and more interesting.

7 min read
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